01
Typical stages
Feedstock production, fertilizer and energy inputs, land-use assumptions, transport, conversion energy, coproduct treatment, distribution and combustion can all be in scope.
02
Carbon intensity
Carbon intensity expresses lifecycle greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of fuel energy under a particular model and data set. Two pathways producing the same chemical can have different results.
03
Read comparisons carefully
A fair comparison uses compatible functional units, boundaries, time horizons and allocation methods. A percentage reduction without those details is not enough to reproduce or evaluate the claim.